#include <cctype>
#include <string>

#include <cstring>
#include <vector>
#include <iostream>
#include <cstdio>
#include <cstdlib>


int readInt( const std::string &s )
{
   int value;
   std::sscanf( s.c_str(), "%d", &value );

   return value;
}

double readDouble( const std::string &s )
{

   double value;
   std::sscanf( s.c_str(), "%lf", &value );
   return value;
}

char readChar( const std::string &s )
{
   char value;
   std::sscanf( s.c_str(), "%c", &value );

   return value;
}

bool readBool( const std::string &s )
{

   bool value;
   return s == "true";
}